{"id":198,"date":"2020-06-29T09:08:57","date_gmt":"2020-06-29T09:08:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/ell\/?page_id=198"},"modified":"2026-07-02T08:46:46","modified_gmt":"2026-07-02T00:46:46","slug":"modules_el","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/elts\/modules_el\/","title":{"rendered":"Modules_EL"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2>\n\t\t\tEnglish Language and Linguistics Courses\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/ell\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2020\/06\/banner01.jpg\" alt=\"banner01\" title=\"banner01\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\n\tThe Department offers an exciting and holistic range of courses that investigate linguistic phenomena in multicultural and multilingual contexts. This includes linguistic patterning at the levels of word, sentence and text; how language is acquired and developed in children as well as in adults in multilingual environments or in situations of brain impairment; how language evolves and changes over time and space; how and why there are many varieties of language (for example, American, British and Singaporean English); how language is used in everyday and institutional contexts and interacts in complex ways with the situational environment, socio-cultural practices and ideology; and how the study of language interacts with other fields like literature, semiotics and popular culture. Bringing together theory, description, and application, the courses provide a firm foundation in these areas of inquiry at the introductory levels, and offer opportunities for in-Department and self-directed study at more advanced levels.<br \/>\nNote that the list below only includes those offered in the current academic year and does not reflect the full range of courses available in the English Language and Linguistics programme.\n<p>Unless otherwise stated, all level 1000-6000 courses carry 4 units.<\/p>\n<p>For more information on the courses below, please refer to <a href=\"https:\/\/nus.edu.sg\/canvas\/login\/\">Canvas<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/nusmods.com\/courses?sem[0]=1&amp;sem[1]=2&amp;sem[2]=3&amp;sem[3]=4\">NUSmods<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>\n\t\t\tCourses offered in AY2026\/2027 Semester 1\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-0\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-0\">EL1101E The Nature of Language<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-0\"><i title=\"Collapse\">Collapse<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leslie LEE<\/p>\n<p>This introductory overview of linguistics aims at equipping students with a solid foundation in the object, methods and goals of the science of spoken language, the prime tool of human communication. Through a principled analysis of patterns of sound, form and meaning at the levels of word, sentence and text, students will gain insight into what it means to say that language is a rule-governed system and an organic whole. The results of this exploration will be useful to those interested in the relationship between language and mind, society and culture.<\/p>\n<p>Pre-requisite: Exempted from NUS Qualifying English Test, or passed NUS Qualifying English Test, or exempted from further CELC Remedial English courses.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-1\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-1\">EL2102 Sound Patterns in Language<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-1\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leslie LEE<\/p>\n<p>This course introduces students to phonetics &#8211; which is concerned with speech sounds as physical objects &#8211; and phonology &#8211; which is concerned with the organization of speech sounds in a linguistic system. We will learn about the human speech apparatus in detail, the mechanisms that are involved in speech production, as well as the acoustic properties of speech sounds. Starting with examples from English, we will explore phonological patterns from a crosslinguistic perspective, and learn how to provide formal analyses for these patterns. The course teaches conceptual tools that will allow students to analyse the phonology of English and other languages.<\/p>\n<p>Pre-requisite: EL1101E<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-2\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-2\">EL2151 Social Variation in English<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-2\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rebecca STARR<\/p>\n<p>This course considers how variation in language use relates to broader variation in the daily experiences of individuals and groups. Students examine how language constructs cultural abstractions such as social class, gender, and power relations and how these abstractions play out in language varieties and shape their defining characteristics. The course should appeal to students who wish to explore the interaction of language and society by drawing on linguistics, sociology, anthropology, and psychology, and to understand the practical implications of language variation for language policy and language education in multilingual societies such as Singapore.<\/p>\n<p>Pre-requisite: EL1101E<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-3\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-3\">EL2206 Language and Cognition<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-3\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aine ITO<\/p>\n<p>Language and thought are two of the most distinctive aspects of what it is to be human. This course presents a high-level overview of how language relates to cognition, covering topics such as linguistic relativism, language processing, language development, and bilingualism. Through this course, students will learn key concepts that will serve as a foundation for more advanced study of the cognitive science of language.<\/p>\nPre-requisite: Completed EL1101E or GET1036\/GEX1019<br \/>\nPreclusion: EL3206, EL3207, EL3210, EL4210\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-4\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-4\">EL2208 Bilingualism<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-4\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rebecca STARR<\/p>\n<p>This course explores the cognitive underpinnings and social consequences of bilingualism and multilingualism. Students will become familiar with multiple approaches to the study of bilingualism and investigate major questions such as how children acquire multiple languages, how those languages are stored in the brain, and how bilinguals use language in socially meaningful ways. Topics covered include bilingual acquisition, cognitive consequences of bilingualism, language mixing, and bilingual education.<\/p>\n<p>Preclusion: EL3208<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-5\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-5\">EL3201 Syntax<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-5\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>SHEN Zheng<\/p>\n<p>Building on the knowledge of English morphology and syntax developed at Levels-1000 and 2000, this course aims to give students a deeper understanding of the morphological and syntactic structure of English, in relation to crosslinguistic patterns. With an emphasis on evidence and argumentation, the course will help students understand the interconnectedness of the analyses of apparently unrelated phenomena, and develop a sense of the organic unity of language structure. This course will provide a crucial foundation for the further study of morphology and syntax, and their applications.<\/p>\n<p>Pre-requisite: EL2101<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-6\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-6\">EL3216 Language and the Internet<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-6\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vincent OOI<\/p>\n<p>The vast worldwide computer network collectively known as the Internet (and its graphical interface, the World Wide Web) provides a new environment and technologies of communication (e.g., Internet Relay Chat, bulletin board systems etc.) that challenge current assumptions regarding the nature of speech, writing, community and society. Since English is the principal language of the Internet, this course aims to examine the ways in which the language is being (re)formulated on the Web, especially in multilingual settings. The course focuses on the study and management of electronic language evidence on the Web.<\/p>\n<p>Pre-requisite: EL1101E<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-7\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-7\">EL3251 Language, Society and Identity<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-7\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Joseph PARK<\/p>\n<p>This course explores the relationship between language and identity, focusing on how language use is not merely a reflection of inherent social differences but a crucial means of constructing who we are and how we position ourselves in social context. Based on current work in sociocultural linguistics, it discusses why ideological and discursive processes of identity construction are central to our social life, and presents different ways of understanding and analysing identity work in everyday discourse. Using these conceptual tools, it also explores several theoretical and real-world issues in which the question of identity figures prominently.<\/p>\n<p>Pre-requisite: EL2151<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-8\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-8\">EL3551 FASS Undergraduate Research Opportunity (UROP) <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-8\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>A UROP involves the student working with a supervisor, and usually in a team, on an existing research project. It has relevance to the student&#8217;s Major, and involves the application of subject knowledge, methodology and theory in reflection upon the research project. UROPs usually take place within FASS, ARI, and partners within NUS, though a few involve international partners. All are vetted and approved by the Major department. All are assessed. UROPs can be proposed by supervisor or student, and require the approval of the Major department.<\/p>\n<p>Prerequisite: Students must have declared a Major, completed a minimum of 24 units in that Major, and have a GPA of at least 3.20.<\/p>\n<p>For updates on UROP, please refer to the <a href=\"https:\/\/myportal.nus.edu.sg\/studentportal\/fas\/ug\/opportunities\/urop.html\">FASS Student Portal<\/a>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-9\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-9\">EL4213 Language Typology <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-9\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nala LEE<\/p>\n<p>The study of language typology and universals is concerned with the evaluation of how the various linguistic subsystems in any language differ from those found in most other languages, and whether linguistic diversity is a norm or otherwise. In this introduction to typology, students will acquire a fundamental overview of the grammatical make-up of languages, and an appreciation for an important approach in contemporary linguistics. Language typology contributes to and draws on core areas of linguistics such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, and language acquisition, among others.<\/p>\nPre-requisite: Cohort 2021 onwards: Completed 80 units, including 20 units in EL.<br \/>\nPreclusion: EL3213, EL4213HM\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-10\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-10\">EL4252 Interactional Discourse<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-10\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Peter TAN<\/p>\n<p>This course focuses on how the phenomenon of discourse might be analysed and will consider how a number of frameworks can be used in a complementary fashion to give a fuller description of discourse. These include the frameworks of register and genre; speech-act theory; co-operation; face and politeness; exchange structure and conversation analysis. This course is appropriate for students reading or intending to read English Language honours.<\/p>\nPre-requisite: Cohort 2021 onwards: Completed 80 units, including 20 units in EL<br \/>\nPreclusion: EL4252HM\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-11\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-11\">EL4254 Language, Ideology and Power<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-11\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Michelle LAZAR<\/p>\n<p>This course focuses on the interrelations between language, ideology and power within contemporary society. It examines key concepts and ideas investigated by a range of scholars working within a critical perspective. Topics covered include: the structuring influence of language on worldviews; the construal of particular realities through patterned linguistic choices; the inclusion\/exclusion, privileging\/marginalising of different social groups through language policies and practices affecting the use (or disuse) of particular language varieties. Target students: those with an active interest in the social and political aspects of language use, willing to articulate their own positions amid lively and complex debate.<\/p>\nPre-requisite: Cohort 2021 onwards: Completed 80 units, including 20 units in EL.<br \/>\nPreclusion: EL4254HM\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-12\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-12\">EL4401 Honours Thesis<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-12\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>EL4401 (8 units)<\/p>\n<p>The Honours Thesis is usually done in the final semester of a student&#8217;s pursuing an Honours degree. Students intending to read this course are expected to consult prospective supervisors the semester before they read this course and provide a research proposal. A wide range of topics is acceptable provided it highlights a language issue.<\/p>\nPre-requisite: Cohort 2021 onwards: Completed 110 units including 40 units of EL major requirements with a minimum SJAP of 4.00 and GPA of 3.50, or with recommendation by the programme committee.<br \/>\nPreclusion: EL4660, EL4401HM, EL4660HM\nNote: Please register for the Honours Thesis manually with the Department.<br \/>\nDocuments containing important information on the HT should be downloaded from &#8220;<a href=\"\/ell\/ug_do\/\">Documents and Forms.<\/a>&#8221;\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-13\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-13\">EL4660 Independent Study<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-13\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Independent Study course is designed to enable the student to explore an approved topic within the discipline in depth. The student should approach a lecturer to work out an agreed topic, readings, and assignments for the course. A formal, written agreement is to be drawn up, giving a clear account of the topic, programme of study, assignments, evaluation, and other pertinent details. The Head&#8217;s and\/or Honours Coordinator&#8217;s approval of the written agreement is required. Regular meetings and reports are expected. Evaluation is based on 100% Continuous Assessment and must be worked out between the student and the lecturer prior to seeking departmental approval.<\/p>\nPre-requisite: Cohort 2021 onwards: Completed 100 units, including 40 units in EL, with a minimum GPA of 3.20.<br \/>\nPreclusion: EL4401, XFA4404, EL4660HM, EL4401HM, XFA4404HM\nNote: Please register for the Independent Study course manually with the Department.<br \/>\nDocuments containing important information on EL4660 should be downloaded from &#8220;<a href=\"\/ell\/ug_do\/\">Documents and Forms<\/a>.&#8221;\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-14\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-14\">EL5101 Grammatical Analysis <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-14\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>SHEN Zheng<\/p>\n<p>This course aims to ground graduate students in a solid conceptual, analytical, and empirical foundation for doing research in syntax and semantics. It examines a range of core empirical phenomena that have been important in the development of modern linguistic theory and that remain central to current linguistic frameworks (e.g. passive, infinitival constructions, relative clauses, wh-constructions, binding, etc.). Core theoretical notions to be covered include: phrase structure, grammatical relations, subcategorization, and lexical entries.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-15\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-15\">EL5103 Language in Society <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-15\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mie HIRAMOTO<\/p>\n<p>This course surveys major approaches and current issues relevant to the study of language in society. It aims to familiarize students with a range of theoretical and conceptual frameworks they may refer to in addressing sociolinguistic questions across a variety of sites and to provide general principles that they may consider when engaged in the study of language in social context. For this purpose, it will critically discuss classical and contemporary research to explore the historical background, prevailing assumptions, methodological perspectives, and analytic strengths of different approaches to language in society, and consider recent developments in the field.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-16\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-16\">ELC5104 Approaches to Language<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-16\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nick HUANG &amp; Maka JULIOS-COSTA<\/p>\n<p>This foundational course familiarizes graduate students with the major theoretical principles and research paradigms that define the various subfields of linguistics. The course surveys the history of linguistics as a discipline, and introduces major thinkers, key linguistic concepts, significant debates, and basic research methods. Topics covered include formal linguistics, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, contact linguistics, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, and applied linguistics. Students will complete the course with a solid understanding of the range of topics addressed and approaches used in the study of language.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-17\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-17\">ELC5216 Corpus Linguistics<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-17\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vincent OOI<\/p>\n<p>This course takes an empirical approach to linguistic investigation: it bases claims largely on computer-aided analyses of electronic datasets that are either manually built with linguistic purposes in mind or those that are readily found on the Web. With special reference to English, relevant topics will be introduced to suit particular needs; the corpus\u2010linguistic methodology blends well with various linguistic levels, including grammar, lexis and discourse. This course does not assume any expert computing knowledge; while no computer programming will be introduced, participants will receive hands\u2010on training in the use of standard corpus\u2010linguistic programs.<\/p>\n<p>Preclusion: EL5216<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-18\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-18\">ELC5251 Approaches to Discourse<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-18\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Maka JULIOS-COSTA<\/p>\n<p>This course will explore approaches to analysing both written and spoken discourses. Students will learn the analytical tools used to describe features of both modes of discourses. They will be encouraged to explore current research in discourse analysis. There may be a specific focus on particular kinds of discourse (classroom, computer-mediated, media, legal, political, etc.), depending on the expertise and interest of the lecturer. Students will be encouraged to collect and analyse their own data for the assignment.<\/p>\n<p>Preclusion: EL5251<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-19\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-19\">ELC5253  Textual Construction of Knowledge<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-19\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Michelle LAZAR<\/p>\n<p>This course aims to cultivate an understanding both of the relationship between discourse and ideology and of the textual construction of knowledge. Students will be exposed to a critical deconstruction of different kinds of socio-political discourses (including discourses about gender and race, etc.) with specific attention to ideological positionings, and the role ideology plays in the knowledge construction process. Through this course, students will acquire critical skills in reading texts and come to appreciate the different kinds of textual and ideological strategies used in the formation of knowledge.<\/p>\n<p>Preclusion: EL5253<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-20\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-20\">ELC5256 Onomastics: the Study of Names<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-20\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Peter TAN<\/p>\n<p>This course examines the phenomenon of naming from a range of different perspectives and considers the range of functions of names, and how there might be names that matter a lot and those that matter less. Names will be considered from the point of view of linguistics (the structure, meaning and sounds of names), philosophy (theories about the nature of names), socio-cultural history (the development of personal naming systems including hybrid systems), geography (the development of place names, street names and station names), literary criticism (how names function in literary texts) and commerce (business names and product names).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-21\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-21\">ELC5270 Explorations in Applied Linguistics<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-21\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Justina ONG<\/p>\n<p>This course introduces students to a range of issues, approaches and working procedures in applied linguistics, partly to familiarise students with relevant research, and more especially to engage students actively in typical processes of enquiry. Applied linguistics has evolved into a dynamically diversified, multidisciplinary field of academic and professional activity. It is characterised by theoretically and empirically informed initiatives to identify and represent clearly, investigate appropriately, and address pragmatically and critically those issues and problems in human communicative affairs that prominently involve language, language learning or language use.<\/p>\n<p>Preclusion: EL5270<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-22\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-22\">EL5660 Independent Study<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-22\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Independent research plays an important role in graduate education. The Independent Study course is designed to enable the student to explore an approved topic in English Language in depth. The student should approach a lecturer to work out an agreed topic, readings, and assignments for the course. A formal, written agreement is to be drawn up, giving a clear account of the topic, programme of study, assignments, evaluation, and other pertinent details. The Head&#8217;s and\/or Graduate Coordinator&#8217;s approval of the written agreement is required. Regular meetings and reports are expected. Evaluation is based on 100% Continuous Assessment and must be worked out between the student and the lecturer prior to seeking departmental approval.<\/p>\nNote:<br \/>\n(1) Word limit: 5,000 &#8211; 6,000 words. (2) Workload: Minimum 10 hours per week. The precise breakdown of contact hours, assignment and preparation is to be worked out between the lecturer and the student, subject to Departmental approval.\n<p>(2) Students may take EL5660 to fulfil one Subject Area requirement, subject to department approval.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-23\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-23\">EL6660 Independent Study<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-23\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Independent research plays an important role in graduate education. The Independent Study course is designed to enable the student to explore an approved topic in Language Study in depth. The student should approach a lecturer to work out an agreed topic, readings, and assignments for the course. The Head&#8217;s and\/or Graduate Coordinator&#8217;s approval is required. Regular meetings and reports are expected. Evaluation is based on 100% Continuous Assessment and must be worked out between the student and the lecturer prior to seeking departmental approval.<\/p>\nNote:<br \/>\n(1) Word limit: 7,000 &#8211; 8,000 words. (2) Workload: Minimum 10 hours per week. The precise breakdown of contact hours, assignment and preparation is to be worked out between the lecturer and the student, subject to Departmental approval.\n<h3>\n\t\t\tCourses offered in AY2026\/2027 Semester 2\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-0\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-0\">EL1101E The Nature of Language<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-0\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nala LEE<\/p>\n<p>This introductory overview of linguistics aims at equipping students with a solid foundation in the object, methods and goals of the science of spoken language, the prime tool of human communication. Through a principled analysis of patterns of sound, form and meaning at the levels of word, sentence and text, students will gain insight into what it means to say that language is a rule-governed system and an organic whole. The results of this exploration will be useful to those interested in the relationship between language and mind, society and culture.<\/p>\n<p>Pre-requisite: Exempted from NUS Qualifying English Test, or passed NUS Qualifying English Test, or exempted from further CELC Remedial English courses.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-1\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-1\">EL2101 Structure of Sentences and Meanings<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-1\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leslie LEE<\/p>\n<p>This course explores language structure, in particular, patterns of sentence structure (syntax) and of meaning (semantics), from a cross-linguistic perspective. Concepts to be discussed include: grammatical categories, semantic relations, grammatical relations, constituency, and the relationship between grammar and the lexicon. A key feature of the course is its emphasis on the evidence and argumentation that bears upon the representation of structure and principles of grammar that we postulate. The course provides the foundation for the study of advanced courses investigating linguistic structure.<\/p>\n<p>Pre-requisite: EL1101E or GEX1019 or GET1036<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-2\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-2\">EL2111 Historical Variation in English<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-2\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Peter TAN<\/p>\n<p>The course aims to introduce how language change can take place orthographically, phonologically, grammatically and lexically. These changes do not take place at random but can be usefully accounted for by considering the socio-cultural contexts of use. The major topics covered include the history of English in Britain, English in North America and the New Englishes including Singaporean English. This course is suitable for students intending to read English Language and Linguistics as a major, as well as other interested students.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-3\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-3\">EL2207 Speech and Language Disorders<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-3\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leslie LEE<\/p>\n<p>This course introduces students to the numerous ways in which the unique human capacity for language can be disordered, within the oral-auditory mode of communication. It begins with a survey of different types of speech and language disorders, discussing the presentation of each condition and possible etiologies. We then explore different aspects of language that can be impaired and the types of deficits that arise when these are disordered, taking into consideration crosslinguistic and multilingual perspectives. No prior knowledge of the medical or linguistic sciences is assumed. This course is not intended to provide training in clinical assessment and intervention.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-4\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-4\">EL3205 Morphology<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-4\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leslie LEE<\/p>\n<p>This course provides an introduction to the study of word structure. It presents an overview of the major theoretical debates in this field and compares the main approaches to morphological analysis. Starting with the core areas of inflection and derivation, we examine the distinction between words and phrases, as well as the interactions between morphology and syntax on the one hand, and phonology on the other. The synchronic study of word structure is covered, as are the phenomena of diachronic change, such as analogy and grammaticalization. Students will be exposed to a broad range of morphological phenomena from different languages.<\/p>\n<p>Pre-requisite: (i) EL1101E and (ii) EL2101 and (iii) EL2102<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-5\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-5\">EL3206 Psycholinguistics<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-5\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nick HUANG<\/p>\n<p>The ability to use language is a uniquely human one, so effortless that it is easy to forget the very complex psychological processes underlying its use. Psycholinguistics is the study of these processes. More specifically, it investigates the processes that take place in our minds when we use language as well as how these processes develop in children. Our knowledge about these processes in healthy individuals is also informed by studying language impairment, for example in patients who have sustained brain damage, or in children with atypical language development. In this course, we will be covering these three broad areas.<\/p>\n<p>Pre-requisite: EL1101E<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-6\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-6\">EL3253 Critical Discourse Analysis<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-6\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Maka JULIOS-COSTA<\/p>\n<p>The aim of this course is to promote critical thinking through critical analysis of actual discourse\/texts. There are two major components to this course: (1) the theoretical section where students will be introduced to the central ideas of critical discourse analysis; and (2) the practical section where students will be encouraged to analyse samples of actual discourse\/text. Through developing individual awareness of the politics of language use, it is hoped that students will become even more competent readers and writers, equipped to cope with the discourses encountered in everyday interactions.<\/p>\n<p>Pre-requisite: EL1101E<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-7\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-7\">EL3551 FASS Undergraduate Research Opportunity (UROP)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-7\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>A UROP involves the student working with a supervisor, and usually in a team, on an existing research project. It has relevance to the student&#8217;s Major, and involves the application of subject knowledge, methodology and theory in reflection upon the research project. UROPs usually take place within FASS, ARI, and partners within NUS, though a few involve international partners. All are vetted and approved by the Major department. All are assessed. UROPs can be proposed by supervisor or student, and require the approval of the Major department.<\/p>\n<p>Prerequisite: Students must have declared a Major, completed a minimum of 24 units in that Major, and have a GPA of at least 3.20.<\/p>\n<p>For updates on UROP, please refer to the <a href=\"https:\/\/myportal.nus.edu.sg\/studentportal\/fas\/ug\/opportunities\/urop.html\">FASS Student Portal<\/a>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-8\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-8\">EL4210 Topics in the Psychology of Language<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-8\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aine ITO<\/p>\n<p>This course explores the processes underlying language comprehension, language production, and language acquisition. The topics include memory and language, effects of physical and emotional experience on language processing, individual differences (age, social factors) in language processing, code-switching and bilingual advantage.<\/p>\nPre-requisite: Cohort 2021 onwards: Completed 80 units, including 20 units in EL<br \/>\nPreclusion: EL3210\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-9\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-9\">EL4253 Language, Gender and Sexual Identities<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-9\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mie HIRAMOTO<\/p>\n<p>This course encourages you to think analytically about identity construction issues regarding gender and sexuality by focusing on language, and about the relation between language and social practice. The goals are inseparably intellectual and political: responsible scholarship and citizenship require the ability and eagerness to go beyond stereotype, common belief, and the popular press, to evaluate claims for oneself in a knowledgeable way. Through the gathering and analysis of data, you will be asked to look for questions that might be answered, problems that might be solved, and issues that might be explored.<\/p>\nPre-requisite: Cohort 2021 onwards: Completed 80 units, including 20 units in EL or 20 units in EN, and EL2151.<br \/>\nPreclusion: EL4253HM\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-10\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-10\">EL4258 Metapragmatics and Language Ideology<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-10\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Joseph PARK<\/p>\n<p>Metapragmatics is the study of the reflexive character of language, or how language use that refers back to language use serves as a crucial foundation for the constitution of language. As an advanced introduction to the field of metapragmatics, this course offers students key tools for metapragmatic analysis and an understanding of the significance of language ideology for the investigation of linguistic phenomena. Through discussion of classical and current research on language ideology, it explores how metapragmatics shapes language structure and use and serves as the basis for the politics of language in everyday life.<\/p>\nPre-requisite: Cohort 2021 onwards: Completed 80 units, including 20 units in EL, and EL2151<br \/>\nPreclusion: EL4258HM\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-11\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-11\">EL4401 Honours Thesis<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-11\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>EL4401 (8 units)<\/p>\n<p>The Honours Thesis is usually done in the final semester of a student&#8217;s pursuing an Honours degree. Students intending to read this course are expected to consult prospective supervisors the semester before they read this course and provide a research proposal. A wide range of topics is acceptable provided it highlights a language issue.<\/p>\nPre-requisite: Cohort 2021 onwards: Completed 110 units including 40 units of EL major requirements with a minimum SJAP of 4.00 and GPA of 3.50, or with recommendation by the programme committee.<br \/>\nPreclusion: EL4660, EL4401HM, EL4660HM\nNote: Please register EL4401 manually with the Department.<br \/>\nDocuments containing important information on the HT should be downloaded from &#8220;<a href=\"\/ell\/ug_do\/\">Documents and Forms.<\/a>&#8221;\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-12\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-12\">EL4660 Independent Study<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-12\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Independent Study course is designed to enable the student to explore an approved topic within the discipline in depth. The student should approach a lecturer to work out an agreed topic, readings, and assignments for the course. A formal, written agreement is to be drawn up, giving a clear account of the topic, programme of study, assignments, evaluation, and other pertinent details. The Head&#8217;s and\/or Honours Coordinator&#8217;s approval of the written agreement is required. Regular meetings and reports are expected. Evaluation is based on 100% Continuous Assessment and must be worked out between the student and the lecturer prior to seeking departmental approval.<\/p>\nPre-requisite: Cohort 2021 onwards: Completed 100 units, including 40 units in EL, with a minimum GPA of 3.20.<br \/>\nPreclusion: EL4401, XFA4404, EL4660HM, EL4401HM, XFA4404HM\nNote: Please register for the Independent Study course manually with the Department.<br \/>\nDocuments containing important information on EL4660 should be downloaded from &#8220;<a href=\"\/ell\/ug_do\/\">Documents and Forms<\/a>.&#8221;\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-13\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-13\">EL5102 Phonetics and Phonology <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-13\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>WEI Ruixue<\/p>\n<p>The course covers the foundational knowledge of the sound pattern of human language. Major topics include how speech sounds are made and transmitted, and how they pattern, drawing data primarily from English and other familiar languages. Students will learn the conceptual tools and technical skills in the analysis of speech data.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-14\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-14\">ELC5207 Second Language Acquisition and Processing<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-14\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aine ITO<\/p>\n<p>The course introduces students to psycholinguistic research on second language acquisition and processing. It explores the mechanisms of learning a second language in comparison with those of learning a first language as well as how second language processing is different from first language processing. Students will learn key concepts and psycholinguistic models\/theories of second language processing.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-15\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-15\">ELC5211 Contact Languages<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-15\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mie HIRAMOTO<\/p>\n<p>This course focuses on languages evolving in multilingual settings out of radical contact situations. Commonly referred to as &#8220;Pidgins&#8221;, &#8220;Creoles&#8221; and &#8220;mixed languages&#8221;, these languages are spoken mainly in the Caribbean and Asia-Pacific regions. We concentrate on English-lexified contact varieties and investigate the interaction of typological features and sociolinguistic factors determining language change in contact situations. We also discuss the most salient issues within the field of Language Contact such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Creoles as a synchronically viable structural class;<\/li>\n<li>restructuring patterns, creolisation and universal patterns of language change;<\/li>\n<li>pidgnisation;<\/li>\n<li>ideology and classification<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Preclusion: EL5211<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-16\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-16\">ELC5212 History of English<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-16\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Peter TAN<\/p>\n<p>This course is aimed at graduate students who wish to explore the development of the English language over the past 1,500 years or so, and to see that some features of present-day English can be explained in the light of its history. Students should ideally have some background in grammatical description. Issues that will receive attention include the transformation of a synthetic Old English to a more analytic Modern English; language contact as a force for language change; the standardisation of English; and the spread of English and the New Englishes.<\/p>\n<p>Preclusion: EL5212<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-17\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-17\">ELC5216 Corpus Linguistics<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-17\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vincent OOI<\/p>\n<p>This course takes an empirical approach to linguistic investigation: it bases claims largely on computer-aided analyses of electronic datasets that are either manually built with linguistic purposes in mind or those that are readily found on the Web. With special reference to English, relevant topics will be introduced to suit particular needs; the corpus\u2010linguistic methodology blends well with various linguistic levels, including grammar, lexis and discourse. This course does not assume any expert computing knowledge; while no computer programming will be introduced, participants will receive hands\u2010on training in the use of standard corpus\u2010linguistic programs.<\/p>\n<p>Preclusion: EL5216<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-18\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-18\">ELC5230 Cognitive Linguistics<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-18\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><!--StartFragment -->Maka JULIOS-COSTA<!--EndFragment --><\/p>\n<p><!--StartFragment -->This course introduces the basics of meaning and grammar as understood by Cognitive Linguists, with the aim of fostering students&#8217; critical awareness of key theoretical foundations. By the end of the course, students should be conversant with the basic principles, notions and trends in Cognitive Linguistics, particularly Cognitive Semantics and Cognitive Grammar. In addition, students will develop the competence to analyse naturally occurring linguistic data in terms of theoretical constructs in Cognitive Linguistics, as well as an appreciation of the sense in which Cognitive Linguistics is grounded in cognitive psychology and how it differs from Generative Grammar.<!--EndFragment --><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-19\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-19\">ELC5252 Language Variation and Change<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-19\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rebecca STARR<\/p>\n<p>The study of variation and change in language employs quantitative statistical methods to account for phenomena in real-world language data. This course familiarises students with the major questions and methodologies of variationist research in sociolinguistics and corpus linguistics. Students will learn about the stylistic, social, and linguistic factors that influence how language is produced and perceived, and explore how data drawn from speech, texts, social media, and experimental methods are used to investigate variation. This course will prepare students to pursue independent research incorporating quantitative methods.<\/p>\n<p>Preclusion: EL5252<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-20\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-20\">ELC5255 Second Language Writing   <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-20\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Justina ONG<\/p>\n<p>This course explores current research in second language writing and encompasses the investigation of both processes and products of writing. The course will examine theories in writing (including L1 theories) and the role theories and models plays in second language writing research. The topics addressed will include the cognitive processes in writing, the distribution of processes on writing performance, individual differences in writing (for examples, self-efficacy beliefs, motivation, and strategies), the methodology and tools researchers use to investigate the processes in writing, and the assessment of written texts.<\/p>\n<p>Preclusion: EL5880B, EL5255<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-21\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-21\">EL5660 Independent Study<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-21\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Independent research plays an important role in graduate education. The Independent Study course is designed to enable the student to explore an approved topic in English Language in depth. The student should approach a lecturer to work out an agreed topic, readings, and assignments for the course. A formal, written agreement is to be drawn up, giving a clear account of the topic, programme of study, assignments, evaluation, and other pertinent details. The Head&#8217;s and\/or Graduate Coordinator&#8217;s approval of the written agreement is required. Regular meetings and reports are expected. Evaluation is based on 100% Continuous Assessment and must be worked out between the student and the lecturer prior to seeking departmental approval.<\/p>\nNote:<br \/>\n(1) Word limit: 5,000 &#8211; 6,000 words. (2) Workload: Minimum 10 hours per week. The precise breakdown of contact hours, assignment and preparation is to be worked out between the lecturer and the student, subject to Departmental approval.\n<p>(2) Students may take EL5660 to fulfil one Subject Area requirement, subject to department approval.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-22\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-22\">EL6660 Independent Study<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-22\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Independent research plays an important role in graduate education. The Independent Study course is designed to enable the student to explore an approved topic in Language Study in depth. The student should approach a lecturer to work out an agreed topic, readings, and assignments for the course. The Head&#8217;s and\/or Graduate Coordinator&#8217;s approval is required. Regular meetings and reports are expected. Evaluation is based on 100% Continuous Assessment and must be worked out between the student and the lecturer prior to seeking departmental approval.<\/p>\nNote:<br \/>\n(1) Word limit: 7,000 &#8211; 8,000 words. (2) Workload: Minimum 10 hours per week. The precise breakdown of contact hours, assignment and preparation is to be worked out between the lecturer and the student, subject to Departmental approval.\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>English Language and Linguistics Courses The Department offers an exciting and holistic range of courses that investigate linguistic phenomena in multicultural and multilingual contexts. This includes linguistic patterning at the levels of word, sentence and text; how language is acquired and developed in children as well as in adults in multilingual environments or in situations of brain impairment; how language evolves and changes over time and space; how and why there are many varieties of language (for example, American, British and Singaporean English); how language is used in everyday and institutional contexts and interacts in complex ways with the situational environment, socio-cultural practices and ideology; and how the study of language interacts with other fields like literature, semiotics and popular culture. Bringing together theory, description, and application, the courses provide a firm foundation in these areas of inquiry at the introductory levels, and offer opportunities for in-Department and self-directed study at more advanced levels. Note that the list below only includes those offered in the current academic year and does not reflect the full range of courses available in the English Language and Linguistics programme. Unless otherwise stated, all level 1000-6000 courses carry 4 units. For more information on the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"unboxed","site-sidebar-style":"unboxed","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-198","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/elts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/198","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/elts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/elts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/elts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/elts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=198"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/elts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/198\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33901,"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/elts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/198\/revisions\/33901"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/elts\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=198"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}