{"id":34291,"date":"2026-04-16T10:00:24","date_gmt":"2026-04-16T02:00:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/?p=34291"},"modified":"2025-12-01T16:01:23","modified_gmt":"2025-12-01T08:01:23","slug":"the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/2026\/04\/16\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\/","title":{"rendered":"The influence of socio-economic status on child temperament and psychological symptom profiles"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Socio-economic status (SES) is a well-established determinant of individual outcomes, with inequalities potentially shaping child development in areas such as cognitive abilities, educational performance, and the exhibition of emotional and behavioural challenges. This is particularly pertinent in Singapore, a highly affluent nation with significant income inequality, ranking 27<sup>th<\/sup> out of 172 countries on the Gini coefficient. In the city-state, families of varying SES often live in close proximity, making the impact of socio-economic disparities especially significant. In \u2018The influence of socio-economic status on child temperament and psychological symptom profiles\u2019 (<em>The British Psychological Society<\/em>, 2024), Associate Professor Ryan Hong, Associate Professor Ding Xiao Pan, Adjunct Assistant Professor Kelly Chan (all NUS Psychology), and Professor Wei-Jun Jean Yeung (Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A-STAR)) examine the effects of SES on child temperament and psychological symptoms.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The study analysed a large sample of 2,169 children aged four to six in Singapore. SES was measured using a composite index that combined household income per capita, parental education levels, and housing type, providing a comprehensive assessment of families\u2019 socio-economic standing. The researchers evaluated child temperament along two dimensions: 1) negative affectivity, reflecting a child\u2019s tendencies toward sadness or irritability, and 2) effortful control, representing a child\u2019s ability to regulate attention and behaviour. Psychological symptoms were assessed using the Behaviour Problem Index, focusing on internalising symptoms such as anxiety and depression, as well as externalising symptoms such as aggression and hyperactivity. These child outcomes were analysed alongside parenting factors. Parental warmth was measured using a six-item scale capturing affectionate and nurturing behaviours, while parental distress was assessed using the Kessler Non-Specific Psychological Distress Scale, which measures emotional challenges experienced by caregivers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The researchers found that children from low-SES families exhibited higher levels of negative affectivity and lower levels of effortful control compared to their peers from higher-SES backgrounds. Notably, these children were also more likely to display internalising symptoms. Conversely, children with a resilient temperament profile, characterised by low negative affectivity and high effortful control, were more commonly found in higher-SES families. The study further highlighted the critical role of parental warmth and distress as mediating factors in the relationship between SES and child temperament and psychological symptoms. The findings thus provide support for the family stress model in explaining socio-emotional development among young children in an Asian cultural context. The researchers therefore emphasise the need for social policies aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of low familial SES on children.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Read the article <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjop.12701\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_34292\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-34292\" style=\"width: 936px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-34292 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2024\/12\/Picture-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"936\" height=\"528\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-34292\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: \u2018A photo that depicts how children are the centre of their parents&#8217; world\u2019 by Filbert Koung, from SRN\u2019s SG Photobank<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Socio-economic status (SES) is a well-established determinant of individual outcomes, with inequalities potentially shaping child development in areas such as cognitive abilities, educational performance, and the exhibition of emotional and behavioural challenges. This is particularly pertinent in Singapore, a highly affluent nation with significant income inequality, ranking 27th out of 172 countries on the Gini [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":312,"featured_media":34292,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[4543,4606,4609,4604],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34291","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psychology","category-research","category-singapore-research-nexus","category-visible"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The influence of socio-economic status on child temperament and psychological symptom profiles - Singapore Research Nexus<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/2026\/04\/16\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The influence of socio-economic status on child temperament and psychological symptom profiles - Singapore Research Nexus\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Socio-economic status (SES) is a well-established determinant of individual outcomes, with inequalities potentially shaping child development in areas such as cognitive abilities, educational performance, and the exhibition of emotional and behavioural challenges. This is particularly pertinent in Singapore, a highly affluent nation with significant income inequality, ranking 27th out of 172 countries on the Gini [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/2026\/04\/16\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Singapore Research Nexus\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-04-16T02:00:24+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2024\/12\/Picture-1-e1733120315332.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"935\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"527\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"clement\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"clement\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/16\\\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/16\\\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"clement\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e06ef6a7a71d134ca1878636ec433745\"},\"headline\":\"The influence of socio-economic status on child temperament and psychological symptom profiles\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-04-16T02:00:24+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/16\\\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":448,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/16\\\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/15\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/Picture-1-e1733120315332.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Psychology\",\"Research\",\"Singapore Research Nexus\",\"Visible\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/16\\\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/16\\\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\\\/\",\"name\":\"The influence of socio-economic status on child temperament and psychological symptom profiles - Singapore Research Nexus\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/16\\\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/16\\\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/15\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/Picture-1-e1733120315332.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-04-16T02:00:24+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/16\\\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/16\\\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/16\\\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/15\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/Picture-1-e1733120315332.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/15\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/Picture-1-e1733120315332.png\",\"width\":935,\"height\":527,\"caption\":\"Photo: \u2018A photo that depicts how children are the centre of their parents' world\u2019 by Filbert Koung from SRN\u2019s SG Photobank\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/16\\\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"The influence of socio-economic status on child temperament and psychological symptom profiles\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/\",\"name\":\"Singapore Research Nexus\",\"description\":\"NUS Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Singapore Research Nexus\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/15\\\/2020\\\/08\\\/cropped-logo-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/15\\\/2020\\\/08\\\/cropped-logo-1.png\",\"width\":285,\"height\":49,\"caption\":\"Singapore Research Nexus\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e06ef6a7a71d134ca1878636ec433745\",\"name\":\"clement\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/5552242ba91aa15a24fbfae8b1e1e89299a66517712d62c2551299b8db0d1050?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/5552242ba91aa15a24fbfae8b1e1e89299a66517712d62c2551299b8db0d1050?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/5552242ba91aa15a24fbfae8b1e1e89299a66517712d62c2551299b8db0d1050?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"clement\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fass.nus.edu.sg\\\/srn\\\/author\\\/clement\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"The influence of socio-economic status on child temperament and psychological symptom profiles - Singapore Research Nexus","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/2026\/04\/16\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"The influence of socio-economic status on child temperament and psychological symptom profiles - Singapore Research Nexus","og_description":"Socio-economic status (SES) is a well-established determinant of individual outcomes, with inequalities potentially shaping child development in areas such as cognitive abilities, educational performance, and the exhibition of emotional and behavioural challenges. This is particularly pertinent in Singapore, a highly affluent nation with significant income inequality, ranking 27th out of 172 countries on the Gini [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/2026\/04\/16\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\/","og_site_name":"Singapore Research Nexus","article_published_time":"2026-04-16T02:00:24+00:00","og_image":[{"width":935,"height":527,"url":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2024\/12\/Picture-1-e1733120315332.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"clement","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"clement","Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/2026\/04\/16\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/2026\/04\/16\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\/"},"author":{"name":"clement","@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/#\/schema\/person\/e06ef6a7a71d134ca1878636ec433745"},"headline":"The influence of socio-economic status on child temperament and psychological symptom profiles","datePublished":"2026-04-16T02:00:24+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/2026\/04\/16\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\/"},"wordCount":448,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/2026\/04\/16\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2024\/12\/Picture-1-e1733120315332.png","articleSection":["Psychology","Research","Singapore Research Nexus","Visible"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/2026\/04\/16\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\/","url":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/2026\/04\/16\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\/","name":"The influence of socio-economic status on child temperament and psychological symptom profiles - Singapore Research Nexus","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/2026\/04\/16\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/2026\/04\/16\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2024\/12\/Picture-1-e1733120315332.png","datePublished":"2026-04-16T02:00:24+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/2026\/04\/16\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/2026\/04\/16\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/2026\/04\/16\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2024\/12\/Picture-1-e1733120315332.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2024\/12\/Picture-1-e1733120315332.png","width":935,"height":527,"caption":"Photo: \u2018A photo that depicts how children are the centre of their parents' world\u2019 by Filbert Koung from SRN\u2019s SG Photobank"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/2026\/04\/16\/the-influence-of-socio-economic-status-on-child-temperament-and-psychological-symptom-profiles\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"The influence of socio-economic status on child temperament and psychological symptom profiles"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/#website","url":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/","name":"Singapore Research Nexus","description":"NUS Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/#organization","name":"Singapore Research Nexus","url":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2020\/08\/cropped-logo-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2020\/08\/cropped-logo-1.png","width":285,"height":49,"caption":"Singapore Research Nexus"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/#\/schema\/person\/e06ef6a7a71d134ca1878636ec433745","name":"clement","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5552242ba91aa15a24fbfae8b1e1e89299a66517712d62c2551299b8db0d1050?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5552242ba91aa15a24fbfae8b1e1e89299a66517712d62c2551299b8db0d1050?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5552242ba91aa15a24fbfae8b1e1e89299a66517712d62c2551299b8db0d1050?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"clement"},"url":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/author\/clement\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34291","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/312"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34291"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34291\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35514,"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34291\/revisions\/35514"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34291"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34291"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fass.nus.edu.sg\/srn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34291"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}