A first-of-its-kind study led by Associate Professor Jia Lile from the Department of Psychology at the National University of Singapore (NUS) Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences found that extreme debtors have a low capacity to regulate their behaviour but hold an illusory perception of high capacity, which may expose them to further debt accumulation.

The study, conducted in collaboration with the Singapore University of Social Sciences (SUSS) and with the support of Credit Counselling Singapore (CCS), used a combination of a self-reporting questionnaire and behavioural measures to compare the profiles of extreme debtors (defined as those who owed credit card debts that amounted to 12 times or more of their monthly income) with two control groups.

Assoc Prof Jia said: “There is an urgency to identify and measure risk factors behind the global debt crisis which has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Past studies have focused on variations in debt among the general population, but there has been little research into how those who suffer from extreme and prolonged debt view their own self-control ability and how this affects their behaviour until now. The use of behavioural measures in our study also allowed us to identify potential distortion in responses from self-reporting questionnaires as a result of the respondents’ mental construal which creates a biasness in how they respond.”

The results of the study were published in Journal of Personality in May this year.

Examining the Self-Control Profiles of Extreme Debtors
The research team, which included NUS Business School PhD student Mr Yuen Wei Lun, Dr Ong Qiyan from NUS Social Service Research Centre and Assoc Prof Walter Edgar Theseira from SUSS, used a series of tests to compare the self-control profile of 1,442 extreme debtors¹ in Singapore with those of two control groups – a sample of the general population, and university students.

Data on both control groups were collected in two waves.

Wave 1 of 940 Singaporean adults and university students took only the Brief Self Control Scale (BSCS) test – a self-reported questionnaire.

Wave 2 of 576 Singaporean adults and university students completed the following three tests:

Tests

the BSCS test;

A behavioural intention measure of consumption pattern – test subjects were asked questions about their ideal and expected consumption of imagined dining vouchers with a two-year validity period. Greater Expected versus Ideal gaps (or EI gaps) reflect patterns of overconsumption and low self-control in spending; and

An executive function test known as the flanker test, which is a set of tests to assess selective attention and inhibitory function. Highest scores indicate greater inhibitory control – a crucial component of self-control.

An exploratory analysis comparing BSCS test results of extreme debtors with those of control groups in Wave 1 corroborated the notion of inflated assessment of self-control among extreme debtors, who reported the highest self-control capacity when they ought to have the lowest.

A confirmatory analysis was conducted comparing the three test results of extreme debtors with those of control groups in Wave 2. Replicating the BSCS results from Wave 1, extreme debtors reported the highest level of self-control capacity. However, they demonstrated the lowest self-control capacity compared to the control groups on EI gap and flanker performance, which was congruent with the theoretical proportional relationship between self-control and personal debt.

Assoc Prof Jia said, “Our study found that extreme debtors across demographics reported a surprisingly high level of self-control while performing poorly on objective measures of their self-control capacity. We were also able to show that this effect was unlikely due to debtors’ desire to present themselves well in front of the researcher or due to any specific reasons of debt accumulation. The combination of low self-control capacity and poor recognition is perilous as debtors may place themselves in temptation-rich environments, such as convenient online shopping platforms, believing that they can suppress impulsive purchases when they actually can’t.”

“Personal debt is an evergreen problem, despite consumer finance regulation and education efforts. While many financial education programmes stress the importance of knowledge, planning, and self-control, we show that people often do not understand that their self-control capacity is relatively poor. This exposes them to the risk of severe debt accumulation, which in turn, has been shown in other research to further harm self-control capacity. Early intervention to support people’s capacity to improve self-control is vital to stop the cycle of debt,” added Assoc Prof Theseira.

The findings from the study have important implications for policymakers and other relevant support organisations in designing intervention programmes to help debtors improve self-control behaviour.

CCS Chairman, Mr Ang Hao Yao, said: “The insights of the study can help CCS to further improve our counselling and support to the debtors, to help build awareness of their self-control capacity, which could help them to better keep up with their repayment plan. CCS encourages clients to track and review their expenses so that they can make adjustments to their spending behaviours.”

It was noted in the study that despite the prevailing understanding that self-reported questionnaires are superior to behavioural measures, the BSCS, one of the most widely used self-control questionnaires, failed to reflect the supposed relationship between self-control and personal debt. It was the two behavioural measures that correctly distinguished extreme debtors as the group with self-control struggles.

The research team noted that such distortions in self-reporting questionnaires may possibly impact those experiencing moderate self-control problems in debt accumulation. Moving forward, they will continue to explore the magnitude and trajectory of how social cognitive processes impact personal assessment of self-control and ways to improve the accuracy of self-reporting.

1,442 extreme debtors1

Data on extreme debtors came from a 2016 voluntary survey by applicants of a debt restructuring programme administered by CCS. Debtors were informed that their responses had no bearing on credit access or debt restructuring.

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This story first appeared in NUSNews on 16 August 2022.